Code Mixing and Code Switching in Twivortiare 2 Novel By Ika Natassa

The research aims to find the classification types of code switching and code mixing in Twivortiare 2 novel then describe the influencing using types of code switching and code mixing. Twovortiare 2 novel has many sentences used code mixing and code switching as the utterance which has intention clearly. Descriptive qualitative method are used as the methodology in this research which means based on the data that gained through reading the novel thus classify types of code switching and code mixing every sentences clearly through the dialogue of the novel then find the influence of the utterance using code switching and code mixing. The research focused on the types of code switching (inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and tag-switching) and types of code mixing (insertion, alternation, and Congruent Lexicalization) while combine with influencing os using code switching and code mixing. The results of the research are most of utterance using code mixing – insertation and code switching – intra-setential in Twovortiare 2 novel.


INTRODUCTION
Language is the most important component in human life. Language is a communication tool used by human to communicate with each other. Human uses language to express their idea and feeling. There are so many languages in this world. This gave rise to the human new habit of speaking in more than one language in a process of communication. This phenomenon usually called code mixing and code switching.
Code is a language or a variety of language. The variety of language in Indonesia includes code mixing and code switching. The phenomenon can be found in many things, for example, in newspaper, film, novel, song, etc (Husna, 2010). Code switching refers to the process of switching from one language to another language. As Thelander in (Chaer & Agustina, 2010) state that code-switching is the use of two language or more) by a speaker in the same communication event. The use of code switching also shows that people have proficiency of some language. Code-switching refers to the capacity of using, replacing, or switching two language in use (Bullock & Toribio, 2009). Code switching into three categories. There are tag switching codeswitching, inter-sentential code switching, intrasentential code switching (Romaine, 1995).
Tag switching is sometimes called emblematic switching where the switch is simply an interjection, sentence filler in the other language that serves as an ethnic identity marker (Holmes & Wilson, 2017). Inter-sentential code switching is the alternation in a single discourse between two languages, where the switching occurs after a sentence in the first language has been completed and the next sentence starts with a new language or on the other hand, means that intersentential code-switching occurs between different number of sentences (Appel & Muysken, 2006). Intra-sentential code-switching refers to the switch from one language to another in a sentence that involves the syntactic units of words, phrases, or clauses (Poplack, 1980). Code mixing occurs when a conversation use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance (Wardhaugh, 1998). Code mixing is the use of two languages or more by inserting one language elements into another language element in one utterance (Suwito, 1985). (Muysken, 2000) divided code mixing into three types:

Insertion
Approaches that depart from the notion of insertion view the constraints in terms of structural properties of some base or matrix structure. Here the process of code-mixing is conceived as something akin to borrowing: the insertion of an alien lexical or phrasal category into a given structure. The difference would simply be the size and type of element inserted, e.g. noun versus noun phrase. For example, "Twitter udah jadi platform berita yang mungkin paling real-time."

Alternation
Approaches departing from alternation view the constraints on mixing in terms of the compatibility or equivalence of the languages involved at the switch point. In this perspective code-mixing is akin to the switching of codes between turns or utterances. For example : "Dan entah bagaimana, it makes us feel okay."

Congruent Lexicalization
The notion of congruent lexicalization underlies the study of style shifting and dialect or standard variation rather than bilingual language use proper. For example : Diagonis dokter bikin dia putus asa.
The use of code switching and code mixing is very common in multilingual society. Nowadays, the novel writer began using code switching and code mixing to indicate that code switching and code mixing have already become common phenomenon. This phenomenon is one of the effects of information technology development. People all over the world can communicate each other by utilizing information technology, this condition makes people accustomed to use more than one language in their daily life even in creating a literary work like a novel. For example is Twivortiare 2 novel by Ika Natassa, there are many code switching and code mixing cases that found in this novel. Based on that reason, the paper examine the use of code switching and code mixing in the Twivortiare 2 novel by Ika Natassa.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research uses descriptive qualitative method by collected the data then analysis the data. The data is taken form novel Twivortiare 2 by Ika Natassa. Qualitative research is more holistic and often involves a rich collection of data from various sources to gain a deeper understanding of individual participants, including their opinion, perspectives and attitudes (Nassaji, 2015). By using this method, the research will elaborate and answer the problem by using dialogues and read thoroughly to get the understanding of the content as a whole. The research scrutinizes types of code-mixing and codeswitching that are used in the novel.

FINDING AND RESULTS
This research finds many code-mixing and codeswitching cases in Twivortiare 2 novel. Then, this research categorized the types of code-mixing and code-switching that found in novel by adjusting the theory from Pieter Muysken and Shana Poplack Here are the list of code-mixing and code-switching cases in Twivortiare 2 novel : The writer analyzed based on the theories of Muysken (code mixing) and Romaine (code switching). The types of code mixing are insertion, alternation and congruent lexicalization. Then, the types of code switching are inter-sentential, intrasentential, tag switching . The utterance above is mix the language into English and classified as insertion, type of code mixing, because Alex inserts a word clingy in the middle of her utterance which means 'lekat' in Indonesia. Alex prefers use the term in English to simplify her sentence.
Alex mix her language into English in the middle of her utterance. This utterance above is classified as insertion, type of code mixing, because Alex inserts a word grocery shopping in her sentences. It is recognized as form of a phrase which means 'daftar belanjaan' in Indonesian.
The word 'new bed' is mix her language into English in the middle of her utterance and classified as insertion, type of code mixing, because Alex inserts a word new bed in her base sentence. Alex inserted a phrase, a small unit of one language that is new bed, means 'kasur baru' in Indonesian.

Bullshit itu yang bilang bisa mencintai aja udah
bahagia.p. 447 The sentence (Alex) mix her language into English in front of her utterance. This utterance above is classified as insertion, type of code mixing, because Alex inserts a word bullshit in her sentences. It is recognized as noun which means 'omong kosong' in Indonesian.

Mungkin karena this little guy represents
everything that is the best of me. -p. 473 Alex mixes her language into English. This case is identified as alternation, type of code mixing, because this little guy represents everything that is the best of me is a form of clause that occurs in a base sentence. Alex mixes her language because she gets used to speak English and she feels more comfortable to express her feeling using English. It means 'lelaki kecil ini mewakili semua yang terbaik dari diriku' in Indonesian.
2. Dulu gue pernah bilang, when you're married, you start to feel for two people. p. 473 This utterance is mix the language into English and classified as alternation because when you're married, you start to feel for two people is a form of clause that occur in a base sentence which means 'ketika Anda menikah, Anda mulai merasakan dua orang' in Indonesian. Alex mixes her language when she emphasize her sentence. It is also type of code mixing.
The utterance can be categorized as alternation because the types of code mixing above found in a complete sentence. There are 2 alternation found, such as Men are not mind readers and hinting is usually useless which means 'Laki-laki bukan pembaca pikiran' and 'isyarat itu biasanya tidak berguna' in Indonesian. Those are recognized as form of a clause.
The utterance above, it can be seen the speaker (Alex) mix the language from Indonesia into English which means categorized as alternation. Time for you to listen to other stories which means in Indonesia 'saatnya kamu mendengarkan cerita lainnya'. It is also type of code mixing that recognized as form of a clause. 5. Besok kita pulang ya, Nak, you will be home, This utterance belongs to alternation, type of code mixing, since Alex mixes her language into English. You will be home, finally is a form of clause that occurs in a base sentence because she gets used to speak English and she feels more comfortable to express her feeling using English. It means 'kamu akan pulang juga akhirnya' in Indonesian. The utterance above is classified as congruent lexicalization because congruent lexicalization is code mixing that occurs at the phonological level, as when Indonesian people says an English word, but modify it to Indonesian phonological structure. Indonesian call "stres" with the same phonological "stress" in English.
The utterance above is classified as types of code mixing -congruent lexicalization because the word of 'lunch' used to describe the situation of the person and many person already know the meaning of 'lunch' then in Indonesian is 'makan siang'.
3. Tapi nanti kita akan sampai di suatu titik bahwa risiko itu terasa worth it.p. 442 The utterance belongs to classified as congruent lexicalization the types of code mixing because the word of 'worth it' used to describe the value of something and many person already familiar the meaning of 'worth it' then in Indonesian is 'sepadan'.

Bullshit itu yang bilang bisa mencintai aja udah
bahagia.p. 447 The utterance belongs to classified as congruent lexicalization the types of code mixing because the word of 'bullshit' used to describe the value of something and many person already familiar the meaning of 'bullshit' then in Indonesian is 'omong kosong'. From the utterance above, Alex (the character in Twivortiare 2 novel) deliberately switch from English to Indonesian when she describes a moment she went to the airport. In the backseat with, anti public display of affection, cute are classified into intersentential code-switching because the switching occurs within the sentence. In this sentence, Alex also makes a label for his husband as anti