Bound Morpheme Used In Al Jazeera News Entitled “Syria’s Refugee Children: Futures Lost To The War” By Barbara Bibbo: A Morphology Perspective

The purpose of the research is to know about the use of bound morpheme in an article in Al Jazeera News, entitled, “Syria's Refugee Children: Futures Lost to the War" written by Barbara Bibbo. A bound morpheme is commonly used in some articles because it can change the meaning of the word itself. A bound morpheme is part of derivational morphology. Morphology itself means the study of morphemes which are the smallest significant units of grammar. A morpheme is the smallest unit in English linguistics which forms a word. There are two kinds of morpheme; they are free morpheme and bound morpheme. A morpheme that can stand on their own are called free, and ones that cannot are bound. A bound morpheme has two types; there is Derivational and inflectional morpheme. The data of the research was taken from an article in Al-Jazeera News. A qualitative descriptive method was used to do the research. The results of the research are there are 49 bound morphemes found in the article. 5 of them are derivational and 44 of them are inflectional.


INTRODUCTION
Four skills in English must be mastered by students namely listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Especially for writing, (Thesis, Henisah, & Faculty, 2021) defines that it is a skill of a writer to communicate information to a reader or group of readers. This skill can be realized by having the ability to apply the rule of the language to transfer the information to the readers effectively.
To communicate through articles, mastering the structures of language is needed. Structures of the language do not only occur in the sentence but also the word. It is related to the discussion of morphology. Morphology is a part of linguistics. (Kusumawardhani, 2018) stated that in linguistics, morphology refers to the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed. A major way in which morphologists investigate words, their internal structure, and how they are formed is through the identification and study of morphemes, often defined as the smallest linguistic pieces with a grammatical function. It can be noted that knowledge about morphology also has a significant role in writing.
The morpheme is the main discussion in morphology. There are two kinds of morphemes they are free and bound. According to (Blevins et al., n.d.), the morphemes that can stand on their own are called free, and ones that cannot are bound. Bound morphemes are also called affixes which can be classified into prefix, infix, and suffix. English only has two kinds of bound morphemes namely prefixes and suffixes. There are no infixes in English. Bound morphemes are classified into two namely derivational and inflectional morphemes. Inflectional morphology is the relationship between word forms of a lexeme. While, derivational morphology is the relationship between lexemes of a word family, (Sukmacahyadi, 2018). Much deeper, inflectional and derivational can be recognized in the following ways:

Inflectional Derivational
Never changes category Adds grammatical meaning Important to syntax Usually fully productive Sometimes changes category Often adds lexical meaning Produces new lexemes Range from unproductive to fully productive Sources: Sukmacahyadi, 2018 Based on the explanation and table above, it can be concluded that bound morpheme is a part of morpheme which consists of inflectional and derivational. A bound morpheme is also usually used and found in texts to change the meaning of the words in the sentences to make the sentences easy to read and understand by the readers.
Inflectional word formation is wordformation that expresses grammatical distinctions like number (singular vs. plural); tense (present vs. past); person (first, second, or third); and case (subject, object, possessive), among others. It does not result in the creation of new lexemes, but merely changes the grammatical form of lexemes to fit into different grammatical contexts. It can be noted that inflectional affixes refer to the additional affixes (prefix or suffix) because of the influence of grammatical rules without changing the based meaning or word class.

Definition of Morphology
Concerning language, usually morphology is used to study the formation of words such as create a new word, combining two words into one, or specifying the origin of the word. Morphology has a lot of definitions from some experts. According to Carthy as cited in (Nurngaini, Hastuti, & Andriani, 2019), "The word morphology is derived from the Greek word morphe meaning form and logos meaning science". It means morphology is a study about word formation. (Aronoff & Fudeman, n.d.) stated that morphology referred to the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed. Morphology dealt with the structure of words. Knowing, knowingly, and unknowingly are kinds of derivational morphology. The base word is "know" and it is added with morphemes -ing, -ly, and un-.
According to (March et al., 2014), morphology is the study of investigating forms in language rather than depending on identifying words. Morphology plays an important role in the construction of linguistic units and structures. It is morphology that allows the language to adopt new words from the existing words (derivational morphology) or to change the grammatical aspect of a word according to its use in a specific context (inflectional morphology). (Khan, Akram, & Khan, 2016) explained that the study of morphology contains a thorough examination of several bits of language that combine to make a single linguistic unit, known as the 'word'. Linguistically these bits are called morphemes. A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. There are two sub-categories of morphemes, namely free and bound morphemes. Free morphemes can stand by themselves in isolation, e.g. boy, cat, dog, etc., while bound morphemes are always attached to free morphemes and never occur in isolation, e.g.ness in madness. The former contains lexical morphemes that have a dictionary meaning (like a wall, book, fan, etc.) and functional morphemes that have grammatical functions to fulfill (like a, an, the, etc.). The latter contains derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes. The main difference between the two is that derivational morphemes produce new words in a language by changing their word class, e.g. teach-teach-er, while inflectional morphemes indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word and never change its grammatical category e.g. boy-boy-s.
From the explanation above, morphology is the study of the basic word and word formation. Created new words in a language, to describe, analyze, and modify existing words is some purpose of morphological processes.

Definition of Morpheme
A morpheme is an important component in word-formation. According to (Adisutrisno, 2013), "Morphology cannot be separated to linguistic terms for the most element unit of grammatical form. This element unit is called morpheme". Similarly, according to (Nurngaini et al., 2019), "Morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function".
Concerning meaning, morpheme cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. One of the functions units grammatical used to indicate past tense. For example, the word reopened consists of three morphemes. One minimal unit of meaning is open, another minimal of meaning is re-meaning again, and a minimum unit grammatical function is -ed indicating past tense.
The grammatical function of a morpheme is important, the meaning must be constant. Consider the English word lovely and Especially, end with the suffix -ly. Although using the same suffix, when add -ly to the adjective especial, that change into an adverb. When we add -ly to the noun love, that creates an adjective. The conclusion, not all of the words ending with -ly change to be an adverb. What on the surface appears to be a single morpheme turns out to be two. One attaches to an adjective (especial) and creates an adverb, the other attaches to a noun (love) and creates an adjective.
According to Lieber as cited in (Jakarta, 2018), "Morpheme is the meaningful unit that is used to form words". It means, morpheme cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts because a word is a smaller part in the sentence.
Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that morpheme is an important component in word-formation. It is the meaningful unit that is used to form words.

Definition of Bound Morpheme
There are two types of morpheme; they are free morpheme and bound morpheme. There are two kinds of free morpheme; they are lexical and functional morpheme. Bound morpheme consists of two types; they are derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes. Derivational morphemes are morphemes used to make new words but not necessarily in a change in a syntactic category, for example, the addition of derivational morphology re-changes the meaning of the word open if they are combined into reopening. Inflectional morphemes are morphemes to indicate grammatical functions (they never change the syntactic category). Here are the classifications of morphemes: Diagram 1. The Classification of Morpheme https://languageavenue.com/linguistics/general-linguistics/grammar-syntax/item/morphemes-in-english Bound morphemes are a meaning-bearing unit of language, such as prefixes and suffixes that are attached to free morphemes. They cannot stand alone. The attachment modifies the free morphemes in such things as a number of the syntactic category. By adding derivational or inflectional can change the meaning of the word, the quantity of the noun, or the tense.

Adding Derivational
Happy means senang Un + happy = unhappy. It means tidak senang Responsible means bertanggung jawab Ir + responsible = Irresponsible and it means tidak bertanggung jawab

Adding Inflectional
Pencil means one pencil Pencil + s = pencils and it means more than one pencil Butterfly means one butterfly Butterfly + ies = butterflies and it means more than one butterfly She walks to her school every day. (It is used in the simple present) She walked to her school this morning. (It is used in simple past) Mother waters her plants every morning. (It is used in the simple present) Mother watered her plants yesterday morning. (it is used in simple past) Linguistics recognizes two classes of bound morphemes.
a. The first class is called inflectional morphemes and their influence on a base word is predictable. Inflectional morphemes modify the grammatical class of words by signaling a change in number, person, gender, tense, and soon, but they do not shift the base form into another word class. When house changes to houses, it is still a noun even though you have to add the plural morphemes; b. The second class of morphemes is derivational morphemes. They modify a word according to its lexical and grammatical class. They result in more profound changes in base words. The word style is a noun, but it is changed to stylish, then it becomes an adjective. In English, derivational morphemes include suffixes (e.g., ish, ous, er, y, en, and able) and prefixes (e.g., un, im, re, and ex).
It can be concluded that bound morpheme is adding prefixes or suffixes to the base words to change the meaning of the words, the quantity of the noun, or the tense. These changes need to make the words appropriate to be used in sentences in an article to be understandable by the readers.

RESEARCH METHOD
The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The descriptive method was used as (Best & Kahn, 1995) explained that descriptive method is the method that tries to explain the symptoms relating to the recent situation. It consists of the effort of giving the note, the analysis, and the interpretation of the recent symptoms which have the characteristics as follows: try to give the fact, straight to the problem, and the recent variables aren't manipulated by the researcher.
The data was taken from an article in Al-Jazeera News entitled, Syria's Refugee Children: Futures Lost to the War. The article is then read, identified, classified, and analyzed to be recognized easily.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
Here is the article which is discussed Picture Based on the findings, it can be said that there are 49 bound morphemes found in the article. 5 of them are derivational and 44 of them are inflectional. It can be concluded that bound morphemes are commonly used to change the words to make the sentences understandable and comprehendible by the readers easily.

CONCLUSIONS
After analyzing the article of Al Jazeera News, bound morpheme produces new words with a different meaning from the base word since the addition of derivational or inflectional helps to form a new word, and sometimes a new class of word. For example, inflectional of "Journal" into "Journalist". Journal is the base word that is a noun when adding suffixes -ist does not change the class of word, but the meaning changes from goods to a person. Bound morphemes are mostly used in texts in a newspaper to make the articles easy to read and understand by the readers. By analyzing the findings, it was found how words are formed to the new words with new meaning can be used to make the sentences understandable and comprehendible easily by the readers.