Social Dimension Of Slang Word In Film “Animal Kingdom”

The research is aimed at finding out the social dimension of slang words which is uttered in film Animal Kingdom. The writer uses film as the main medium to analyze the construction of social dimension in slang utterance. The method of this study is descriptive content analysis. Data were collected with pursued based on unit analysis, identification, coding, and classification. The procedure of data analysis and interpretation adapted pattern made by Phillip Myring. Some problems will be analyzed in this thesis are the social factors and social dimension can influence the use of slang. In this analysis, the writer finds that slang usually used in an informal situation and in the certain social class of society. The use of slang relates with social factors that consist of the participant, setting, topic, and function meanwhile social dimension affected it in social distance scale, status scale, formality scale, and two functional scales. Keyword: Slang, Social Dimension, Film Animal Kingdom


I. INTRODUCTION
The film is a medium of entertainment and also education because, through the film, people can get entertainment as well as knowledge of the messages and values contained in the film.Through watching the film, people will be more open-minded and growth their imagination and expression about the life, social, economic, politics, and etc.The film which exceeds the standard of quality usually made with a high accuracy with a thorough research about the real state of what the film wants to be appointed of.Message in the form of film is visual messages or images, audio or sound message and the message that implicit or moral message.It is a part of language use for human.
A human being cannot be separated from language use in their life.Every people need language to communicate with others.That makes language can be seen as a tool to connect one people to another.In the communication process, language is needed to express the speaker's mind and feeling so the listener can understand what the speaker's means.Each has difference style in speaking or conversation.
Many factors that cause differences in the speaking style of a person at the time when communicating with each other.Differences in occupation, position, or duty of the speakers also led to the emergence of language variety.The language used by the labours, merchants, truck drivers, teachers, priests, or employer would be different.That's because the influence of their social environment and of what they do.Their language variety is mainly seen in areas of the vocabulary they use.It is in variety language like as dialect and social.
Dialect is a variety of a language that signals where a person comes from.The notion is usually interpreted geographically (regional dialect), but it also has some application in relation to a person's social background (class dialect) or occupation (occupational dialect).According to Farrkhan (2006:133), "The varieties of language that differ in some of pronunciation, words, and grammars from the others are known as a dialect.The dialect which is associated with regional factors is called regional dialect; while the one which is associated with social class status is known as social dialect".From the statement, it is clear that dialect is divided into two kinds, regional dialect and social dialect.The writer will focus on the issue of social dialect or sociolect.
Talk about a social condition that caused a social dialect to occur, Gumperz (1986:86) stated, " In many localities, dialectal differences are connected with social classes, educational levels, or both.More-highly educated speakers and, often, those belonging to a higher social class tend to use more features belonging to the standard language, whereas the original dialect of the region is better preserved in the speech of the lower and less-educated classes.." So, any variation in the language which is uttered by a person is inseparable from the social background, social role and situational condition that occur and affect the person's speaking style.In this case, the lower social classes tend not to use standard language and prefer to use their own regional dialect.
Social dialect or sociolect is a language variety which is associated with status, class and social class, age, education, sex, occupation, socioeconomic circumstances, etc. of the speakers.In sociolinguistics usually, this kind of variety is the most widely discussed because of its relation to the personal issues of speakers.
Humans have started to develop languages to communicate with each other since the prehistoric time.It is proved that early humans lived in groups and have been able to communicate with each other Wanastra Vol IX No. 2 September 2017 to enable them organized their lives easier.That relates to the function of language as a tool of communication.Human use their natural communication devices that known as an organ of speech-to develop language.
There are about 5000 languages spoken in the world today (a third of them in Africa), but scholars group them together into relatively few families -probably less than twenty.All languages begin as speech, and many go on to develop writing systems.All can employ different sentence structures to convey mood.Languages variety is the subject of sociolinguistics which this branch of science has always tried to explain the characteristics of variations in language and set of the correlation between language characteristics and social characteristics.Because no one speaks the same way all the time and people constantly exploit the nuances of languages which spoken for a wide variety of purposes.A recognition of variation implies that people must recognize that a language is not just some kind of abstract object of study.It is also something that people use and often discusses in sociolinguistic fields.Some sociolinguist has tried to describe language variety that occurs as a phenomenon of language.Wardhaugh (1986:22) said, "variety is defined in terms of a specific set of linguistic items or human speech pattern presumably, sound, words, and grammatical features which can uniquely associate with some external factors presumably a geographical area or a social group."So language variety occurs in a pattern in a particular class of society.The change of the language is focused on grammatical patterns and pronunciation which it is a result of the process, that human does by blend themselves with the surrounding circumstances.
Theory from Wardhaugh has been supported by Farkhan (2006:132) which is stated, "variety can be defined as a set of linguistic items including pronunciation, words, and grammar with similar distribution associated with geographical or social factors."From what is described by Farkhan, an explicit conclusion can be made that the language variety is a phenomenon of language that is local and occurs because it is influenced by the same cause, for example, because of geographical or social factors.And this phenomenon can be seen in a change in pronunciation, words, and sentence structure.Of the theories above, it can be concluded that the language variety due to the continuous interaction between human and social environment, and changes occur in the pronunciation of the language that is pronounced by the language user.Deeper analyze about language variety comes from Holmes (2001:6).that gave an explanation about this issue, variety is a sociolinguistics term referring to language in context.A variety is a set of linguistic forms used under specific social circumstances, i.e., with a distinctive social distribution.Variety is, therefore, a broad term which includes different accents, different linguistics styles, different dialects and even different languages which contrast to each other for social reasons.From the explanation above, can be seen that the meaning of the language variety is extensive, every variation that occurs in the language can be called as a language variety.But the matter that makes differences between language variety with the other languages phenomenon is a language variety occurs because of the needs and social circumstances in a community that uses the same language.Language variety occurs more because of the social influences and social reasons.Finch (2005:30) described language variety, a term used, most commonly in sociolinguistics and stylistics, to describe a particular form, or kind, of language.Geographical varieties of English, for example, would include regional dialects, such as Cockney and Glaswegian, whereas American English could be described as an international variety of English.
From the statement, Finch tried to explain that the language variety is one variety of language that emerges from a mother language and still have the same properties of its mother language.So the language variety does not form a new language, but just make a few changes from its mother language.Language variety can be local to international.Finch stated that the local dialects such as Glaswegian dialects or social dialects such as Cockney are included in the language variety.For the variety that goes international, Finch also took a sample of English which was until today had recently established many English variety, ranging from the most glorious like American English and Australian English to the newcomer like Singapore English.
Language has a complex structure that can be analyzed and systematically presented.Because of its vital function of language to human culture, so human starts to observe and study a language to gain more understanding about it.Linguistics is the scientific study of human language.Linguistics is the first developed as a subject in its own right in the eighteenth century.Before then, the language in the western world had been the interest largely of philosophers.But in the eighteenth century a number of scholars became interested in the relationship p-ISSN 2086-6151 e-ISSN 2579-3438 Wanastra Vol IX No. 2 September 2017 between European language and those of the Orient.Today linguistics is a science that concerns itself with all aspects relating to language, examining it from all of the theoretical viewpoints.
Because of since the beginning of its appearance, language is a way people communicate each other, and to achieve a good standard in the communication process, people must use the correct variety of language according to the situation that they participate on while they are talking.So that language cannot be denied of its function that relates to social context.Language can be a representation of a social condition in a society.Some linguists started to realize the connection between the language use and the situation around the user that affects it.So they began to study this relationship.
Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society.Sociolinguistics is a relative newcomer to the linguistic fold.It wasn't until the early 1960s, largely as a result of William Labov's work in America and Peter Trudgill's in Britain, that it developed into a recognized branch of linguistics.
Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics.It is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, sociolinguistics in the West first appeared in the 1960s and was pioneered by linguists such as William Labov in the US and Basil Bernstein in the UK.In addition to studying the origin of languages variation that appears and is used by humans as part of the community, sociolinguistics is also studying the emergence of language variation that occurs because of human's interaction with their social environment.
As Holmes (2001:1) stated, "sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and the context in which it is used."The quote explains how the sociolinguist tries to find out how the context influences the language use.A child whose mother is a teacher who is also a lecturer for the child at the school, will speak in a different style when he was at home in the context that the teacher is the biological mother and in the school as the context is his/her mother currently serves as a teacher, not only for him but also for other students.Then the child will not use the same language style as he cuddles with her mother at home and when he interacts with his mother at the school.
Why do men speak differently in different contexts?It became one of the basic issues which are raised and explained in one of the branches of linguistics, sociolinguistics.Furthermore, about the description of sociolinguistics, Holmes (2001:1) explained, "sociolinguists study the relationship between language and society.They are interested in explaining why we speak differently in different social contexts, and they are concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning."which means in carrying out their duties, sociolinguists tried to explain the factors that lead to the diversity of language, both on the use of vocabulary, the type and level of language used, when humans interact with each other after previously seeing and realizing its context.This means the use of the language used is associated with social relations and social conditions which are integrated with language speakers and receiver.Farkhan (2006:131) defined, this branch of linguistics, named as sociolinguistics is the study of the effects of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and contexts, on the way language is used; or it talks about how and why people use language to interact with others in their society.It also studies how varieties in differing between groups separated by certain social variables, e.g., ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, etc., and how creation and adherence to this rules are used to categorize individuals in social class or socio-economic classes.
It is obvious that there is a close connection between social conditions, in this case, the social variables that affect a person's speaking style.In presenting his thought, someone who has a high social consciousness will previously think about what kind of the language style that he/she would use for people whom he/she want to communicate to.The way the people talk to strangers or to people whom just know will be different with the way the people talk with close friends or siblings.As the way the people talk to an elder is different to how the people talk to children.Similarly, there is a difference between people who are well-educated or come from higher social status with people who have no education or with a criminal or a gangster when they speak.That the issues which tried to explain by linguists.
There are several possible relationships between language and society.One is that social structure may either influence or determine the linguistic structure and/or behaviour may either influence or determine social structure as Holmes (2001:4) stated "sociolinguists are also interested in the different types of linguistic variation used to express and reflect social factors.Vocabulary or word choice is one area of linguistic variation."The quote above explains that sociolinguistics is a concern to variations that arise in the use of language to reflect social factors.As the variation is directly affected also by the social factors.O'Grady (1996:541) defined social factors that influence social dialect or sociolects e.g: socio-economic status, gender, ethnic group, age, occupation, etc. Social Dialect is a language variety that is due to social factors that form and affect a person while talking.It is the cause of diversity in the use of a language in a social community that eventually gave birth to certain and particular vocabularies which are also used by certain people only.
Many factors that influence a person when talking with others.In addition to social factors that affect a person's speaking style from the outside or external, there are also factors that influence the speaker of the self-related mental and feelings or called social dimension.The social dimension is a factor that affects the way a person speaks to the recipient.The social dimension is more associated with psychiatric conditions of the speaker, how the speaker sees the position or circumstances of the recipient.The more the speaker felt that the recipient exceeds the level or below the position of the speaker, it will affect the style of speaking the speaker.
For further analysis of social dimension that influences language use, Holmes (2001:9) describe four points of social dimension which is only implicit in the discussion.These are: 1) A social distance scale concerned with participant relationships 2) A status scale concerned with participant relationships 3) A formality scale relating to the setting or type of interaction 4) Two functional scales relating to the purpose or topic of interaction.
In social distance scale, the relationship between participants divided in high solidarity or intimate relationship, and low solidarity or distant relationship.Holmes (2001:9) said that the scale is useful in emphasizing that how well a person know someone is a relevant factor in linguistic choice.The more intimate the relationship of participants, the more straightforward style of speaking in them.About the status scale, Holmes (2001:9) stated that the scale points to the relevance of relative status in some linguistic choices.Status scale explains the relationship status of participants in superior or high status and subordinate or low status.Both of these factors will also affect the linguistic choice of a speaker.
Formal scale influence the language used refers to the social setting.According to Holmes (2001:9), the formal scale is useful in assessing the influence of the social setting or type of interaction on language choice.In a formal transaction such as one with bank manager in his office, or at ritual service in the church, the language used will be different with one at the friendly chat.
Meanwhile, another theory from Holmes (2001:9), about the functional scales (that consist of referential and affective function scales) which the two identified in this scales are particularly pervasive and basic.Language can convey objective information of a referential kind (referential scale), and it also expresses how someone feeling (affective function scale).From the theory, it can be seen that the scales can be used to see the importance of a speech beneath and able to express the mental condition of a person while the person is talking.
The more referentially oriented an interaction is, the less it tends to express the feeling of the speaker.
The points explained are the factors which are influence the way of the participants use the appropriate language relate to what dimension they experience while they communicate each other.It concluded that the role of social dimension that implied in language user will influence the way of their speaking style.When several age groups or social strata live within the same locality and especially when people speaking the same language live in separate communities, each of them has their own psychiatric condition so differences in speaking style are easily maintained as diversity.
The diversity of members in society is one factor that leads to the variation of language occurs.Because the society usually consists of members which have different social backgrounds such as origin, gender, age, and occupation, the language variation will emerge as they interact each other with the other person from another social background and as an adaptation process of their society.In sociolinguistics, a variation of language that occurs usually called language or speech.Dialect is one of language variety which occurred in speech society.Dialect is a variety of a language that signals where a person comes from.The notion is usually interpreted geographically (regional dialect), but it also has some application in relation to a person's social background (social dialect) or occupation (occupational dialect or register).
Slang is one of the informal language variety that emerges due to social factors that affect a group of people when they communicate.Because of slang appeared due to social background, slang can be grouped as social dialect or sociolect In the branch of sociolinguistics.This Informal language variety typically used in lower-middle-class people when they are communicating with their group.Since slang is a more specific and unusual than informal language, that caused not every member of society, even from the lower classes will abundantly know the meaning though.Nowadays, slang is often applied in aspects of the language of adolescents or others who are perceived as speaking non-standard varieties of the language.Slang or colloquial language introduces many new words into the language by recombining old words into new meanings.Kipfer (2007:9) defined slang as a tool to diverge a person as a member of a group from others.As Kipfer said, "resorts to slang as a means of attesting membership in a group or otherwise separating or distinguishing himself or herself from mainstream culture." from the statement it can be concluded that slang is used to make a difference of member of a group from others and strengthen solidarity among the group itself.
Dealing with mental influence in using slang when they speak, Kipfer (2007:9) stated, "the act of using slang is an act of featuring and obtruding the self within the subculture -by cleverness, control, up-todateness, insolence, virtuosities of audacious, or satirical wit, aggression, et cetera.All this happened in the psyche."It can be seen that the use of slang can reflect a person's psychical intelligence as he/she interacts with his/her surroundings which are also means a person must be able to analyze his relationship to the recipient before he/she decided to use slang in conversation.
It can be concluded that slang is unconventional words or phrases that express either something new or something old in a new way.It is maybe indecent or obscene.Slang emerges because of the needs of a group of people or community to express their solidarity among them by differentiating themselves in the way their talking.They create or modify the vocabulary of a language and use it as an identifying mark of their group or community and the use of slang itself needs a deeper understanding of the relationship between the speaker and the recipient.The nature of slang is: informal, expressive, and limited.
The comparison with the standard language based on sociolinguistics references using an Australian film "Animal Kingdom" as the media.The writer is interested in analyzing the social dimension in use of slang in this film because there are so many slang words occur in the way of the characters express their feeling.That makes this film interesting because there is language style to analyze that implied in the movie.The setting of this movie is in Australia so it uses Australian slang in its dialogue that makes the film more interesting to be analyzed according to its language used.
"Animal Kingdom" is a 2010 Australian crime drama written and directed by David Michod.The film is loosely inspired by the real-life Pettingill family, and by the Walsh Street police shootings that occurred in Melbourne in 1988.Director David Michôd was interested in the criminal underworld in Melbourne and wrote a script titled J in December 2000."Animal Kingdom," Tells the story of seventeen-year-old Joshua "J" Cody, as he navigated his survival amongst an explosive criminal family and the detective who thought he could save him.
After his mother died in front of J's eyes from a selfinflicted heroin overdose, J, who was slightly detached from life, felt he had no choice but to contact his maternal grandmother, Janine "Smurf" Cody, the family matriarch, for a place to live, a Melbourne-based criminal relatives who he had not seen in years.
The writer is interested in analyzing social dimension in use of slang that occurs in this film that usually used especially in the lower class of society.
From the accuracy of the vocabulary that chosen in the dialogue, the writer can see how the director of this movie, David Michod, built the characters and the social setting to be fit to the theme of the movie which draws an underworld crime situation of Australia and how the setting influence the story of the film as the style of language also.
The social setting from economic side, politic side, and the cultural side that can affect the language use also shown.The writer wants to catch how the film can affect the audience feels, and analyze how slang is being used by the speakers in this film.As a product of culture, language cannot be separated from the social condition of the language used that undoubtedly affects it.Social condition that surroundings the members of society generally influence the way how they create some codes and 160 p-ISSN 2086-6151 e-ISSN 2579-3438 Wanastra Vol IX No. 2 September 2017 characteristics of their language by adopting and combining some elements of society.
The development of language will never be separated from social influences.When interacting with one another, a human has a tendency and expertise to create or customize a language style to suit to their receptor environment and social conditions in which they interact.A child who grew up in slums or poor social background will have different styles of speaking with the other children who grew up in a wealthy social background for instance.The vocabulary that they use in everyday conversation would be different.Where the children that come from poor neighbourhoods will tend to be rugged slightly in speaking through that tendency is not occurring to all children because there are other factors that contributed to the development of the child's speaking style that is the smallest social groups and the core all at once, the family.Based on the background above, the focus of research is to find out the social dimension and social factor of slang words in film "Animal Kingdom".

II. METHOD OF RESEARCH
The method of this study is descriptive content analysis.Data were collected with pursued based on unit analysis, identification, coding, and classification.The procedure of data analysis and interpretation adapted pattern made by Phillip Myring.The data is taken from dialogue of characters in the film.Validity techniques include serious reading, checking, and intensifying data analysis and confirmed in (confirmability) with experts or experts who are competent according to the object of study in research and peers or (triangulation of sources).

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 1. Social Relation and Occupation in the Film
Animal Kingdom In "Animal Kingdom", there is kinship or family relationship shown along with friendship and partnership.This kind of relationship will affect the use of slang in conversations and affect the meaning at the same time.The diagram below shows the social relationships among speech participants in film "Animal Kingdom".partner in crime and Ezra White was an attorney and a friend of the family.

The Social Dimension That Affects The Use of Slang
The writer classified the data based on participants, setting, topic, and function.(relate to situation) in data 1 to data 7, occupational context (relate to occupation) in data 8 -data 15, and based on similarity of the topic in data 15 -data 20 and slang words or phrase will be written in italic.
Data 1 Joshua : Hi, Uncle Darren.Darren : Seriously, you've got to stop calling me 'uncle'.It gives me the creeps.
(00:06:29,774 -00:06:34,615) The participants are an uncle and his nephew.The social dimensions that occurred in this conversation is an intimate relationship between an uncle and his nephew as a social distance scale.Darren may not use slang if he talked with a person who has a distant relationship with him.The use of slang occurred because they feel intimacy each other.The use of slang in this conversation can be explained as follow: Darren as an uncle used slang to Joshua because he felt an intimate relationship with his nephew (social distance scale), they had the conversation at home which is informal situation (formality scale) and Darren tent to express his feeling to Joshua (affective function scale).him.The use of slang occurred because they feel intimacy each other.The social dimensions that affect the use of slang in this conversation can be explained as follow: Craig used slang to express solidarity between them (social distance scale), they had the conversation at home which is informal situation (formality scale) and Craig was asking Barry to bribe the police (referential scale) Data 20 Barry: They've got bigger fish to fry.
The Armed Rob's getting shut down.
Half those guys will get shuffled over to Major Crime Squad.
Rest will go, you know, wherever.
And their whole club will fall to bits.Andrew : (listening) (00:17:07,215 -00:17:17,776) The participants are partners.The social dimensions that occurred in this conversation is a peers relationship between a man and his friend as a social distance scale.Barry may not use slang if he talked with a person who has a distant relationship with him.The use of slang occurred because they feel intimacy each other.The social dimensions that affect the use of slang in this conversation can be explained as follow: Barry used slang to express solidarity between them (social distance scale), they had the conversation at home which is an informal situation (formality scale) and Barry was giving information to Andrew (referential scale).
From social dimension that affects the use of slang, the writer concludes that when the speaker uses slang, it depends on the distance of relationship which occurred.There are two kinds of relationship that tend to use slang in conversation, first is the relationship of the participants that have intimacy among them.They use slang to show their solidarity and to converge between them.The second is the relationship of superior and subordinate.The participant who feels more superior tends to use slang to create a pressure on his/her recipient.The superior one will gain more respect from the recipient.
The use of slang itself will be affected by social dimension scales but the use of slang in the speech act is never affected by all the scales which is consists of three scales and two functional scales.The use of slang itself reflects the will to simplify the speech act compared if the speaker used the formal language for instance (function).Though only use in the informal situation (setting) and for a specific speaker whom already known each other well (participants and social distance scale).

IV. CONCLUSION
From social dimension that affects the use of slang, the writer concludes that when the speaker uses slang, it will affect my social dimension scales but the use of slang in the speech act is never affected by all the scales which is consists of three scales and two functional scales.
Formality scale must occur because slang is always used in the informal situation, but social distance scale with status scale always never show up together.Because when a speaker feels intimate with the receiver (social distance scale), the speaker will not feel the social distance (status scale).Otherwise, if a speaker feels more superiority to the receiver (status scale) than the intimacy between them will never occur (social distance scale).And with the two functional scales, referential scale and affected scale, if a speech act happened because of the need to exchange information whether it is important or less important (referential scale), so the speaker will less convey about his/her feeling (affected scale).But if what happened is a speech act occurs because the speaker wants to express his/her feeling (affected scale), so the referential scale will be less dominant.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.: Social Relation of Participants in the Film Animal Kingdom The triumph of Cody is close to the underworld criminal based in Melbourne.Janine 'Smurf' Cody, though she was a mother and grandmother, she was also the matriarch of a notorious Melbourne crime family.The eldest son was an armed robber named Andrew 'Pope' Cody, and was in hiding from a group of renegade detectives called 'Armed Slang is unconventional words or phrases that express either something new or something old in a new way.Slang term is frequently used to describes an informal speaking style by used some vocabularies which are out of the standard language.
p-ISSN 2086-6151 e-ISSN 2579-3438 The use of slang occurred because they feel intimacy each other.The social dimensions that affect the use of slang in this conversation can be explained as follow: Craig as a son used slang to Janine because he felt an intimate relationship with his mother (social distance scale), they had the conversation at home which is informal situation (formality scale) and Craig tent to express his feeling to Janine (affective function scale).